1. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing close coarticulation of plosive and fricative consonants.
a) a verb + -s
| keep – keeps sleep – sleeps slip – slips rip – rips wrap – wraps help – helps jump – jumps harp – harps loop – loops hop – hops stop – stops hope – hopes develop – develops | beat – beats sit – sits pat – pats set – sets hurt – hurts cut – cuts part – parts put – puts root – roots cost – costs sort – sorts wait – waits write – writes note – notes | leak – leaks shrink – shrinks think – thinks lack – lacks peck – pecks work – works park – parks look – looks rock – rocks fork – forks walk – walks break – breaks like – likes |
| grab – grabs rub – rubs grub – grubs rob – robs hob – hobs bribe – bribes probe – probes | read – reads rid – rids stand – stands spend – spends word – words stud – studs guard – guards hood – hoods nod – nods afford – affords fade – fades hide – hides load – loads | league – leagues dig – digs drag – drags gag – gags leg – legs hug – hugs drug – drugs plug – plugs |
a noun + -s
heaps, lips, lamps, stemps, cups, carps, loops, shops, apes, hopes;
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seats, gifts, rats, pets, nuts, darts, boots, knots, sorts, plates, nights, coats, clients;
Greeks, sticks, sacks, necks, ducks, larks, rocks, forks, lakes, oaks;
ribs, cabs, labs, herbs, babes, bribes, robes, baobabs;
deeds, kids, lads, friends, words, floods, bards, moods, rods, lords, roads, beards;
leagues, wigs, figs, pegs, legs, bags, rugs, drugs, fogs, dogs.
a noun + ’s
Pete’s, Pat’s, Frank’s, Jack’s, Bob’s, Hob’s, Fred’s, Doug’s;
Europe’s future, a moment’s pause, the bank’s clients, the island’s outline, dog’s life, the ship’s crew, a giant’s task, cat’s paw, the government’s policy, the serpent’s tooth, Madrid’s history, in one’s mind’s eye, at one’s wit’s end, to one’s heart’s content.
b)
steps, troops, perhaps, upset, upside, upstairs, stepson, stepsister, depth, helpful, hopeful, zip-fastener;
it’s, what’s, that’s, its, oats, whereabouts, itself, outside, eighth, short-staffed, short-sighted, left-handed, light-fingered;
thanks, trunks, optics, physics, phonetics, mathematics, mixture, exercise, Oxford, except, accept, expect, excuse, expensive, exciting, thankful, thick-skinned;
absent, abstract, lobster, obstacle, obstinate, kerbstone, rubstone, substance, subsidy, observe, obstruction;
cards, goods, billiards, besides, forwards, backwards, afterwards, towards, foodstuffs, midstream, bedspread, hardship, bloodshed, handful, adventure, advantage, red-handed;
pigsty, pigskin, drugstore, plaquesome, pigfish, drag-hunt, plug-switch, plaque-stricken
c)
a plosive + [f, v, 0, 8, s, z, 4, h]
[p] to develop photographs, cheap veal, to slip through one’s fingers, keep the change, top secret, to keep zebras, stop shouting, a steap hill;
[t] perfect phonetics, joint venture, Margaret Thatcher, shut the door, next Saturday, fruit salad, a private sector, a white zipper, might shrink, doesn’t have;
[k] to take for granted, to walk very fast, to look through, take the lift, a public sector, I think so, to lack zest, to talk shop, to work hard;
[b] superb festivals, suburb views, to rub through, bribe the policeman, to rub sault in a wound, Bob zipped up (his jeans), to rob shops, to sob heavily;
[d] the road forks, a blood vessel, to read thoroughly, find the address, Hollywood stars, to feed zebras, broad shoulders, a kind heart;
[g] to drug food, a big vehicle, a vague thought, to drag the truth, vague slogans, to dig zealously, a vague shape, hug him
- Aspiration. Degrees of Aspiration.
- Sound Drills.
- 1. Practise different degrees of aspiration in the following words:
- In a department store
- Leisure
- Loss of Plosion.
- Sound Drills.
- 3. Practise the following fragments of connected speech focusing on loss of plosion.
- Nasal Plosion.
- Sound Drills.
- Duty of the student
- Lateral Plosion
- Sound Drills
- 1. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing lateral plosion.
- 2. Practise lateral plosion in connected speech.
- Fricative Plosion.
- 1. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing close coarticulation of plosive and fricative consonants.
- 2. Practise fricative plosion in connected speech.
- To a False Friend
- Making a Cake
- Alveolar consonants before [0, 8].
- Sound Drills
- 1. Practice the following words and phrases. Be sure to make the sounds [t, d, n, l, s, z] dental before [0] and [8]
- 2. Practise the clusters of alveolar consonants preceding [0, 8] in connected speech.
- Boiled Eggs
- Sonants
- General Remarks
- 1. Modifications of the length of English sonants.
- 2. The syllabic function of the sonants in English
- 3. Devoicing of the sonants.
- Consonant sounds that link words.
- Linking [r]
- Consonantal glides [w] and [j]
- Sound Drills.
- 1. Practise the linking [r], [w] and [j] at the junction of words. Be sure to make the glides [w] and [j] sound very short.
- 2. Practise linking at word-boundaries in connected speech.
- Rain dying out
- Combinations of consonants with [w]
- Sound Drills.
- 1. Practice the following words and phrases observing assimilation in the consonant clusters with [w]
- 2. Practise consonant clusters with [w] in connected speech.
- Consonant clusters with [r]
- Sound Drills.
- 1. Practice the following words and phrases observing assimilation in the consonant clusters with [r]
- 1) Complete devoicing of [r]
- 2) Partial devoicing of [r]
- 3) Double assimilation
- 2. Practise consonant clusters with [r] in connected speech.
- Airport announcements.
- Travelling by train.
- Absence of assimilation in some consonant clusters.
- No assimilation according to the place or manner of articulation of English consonants
- No assimilation according to the work of the vocal cords
- Sound Drills.
- 2. Practise the difficult consonant clusters in the following contexts. Observe absence of assimilation.
- Monday’s child
- The House That Jack Built
- A vacant seat