III семестр Text 1. Currency and Other Forms of Exchange

The work of bank centers around money and financial services. Virtually any activity involving money or advice about financial matters is undertaken by all the commercial banks. The immediate service offered by the bank is the receipt for deposit of coins, notes and cheques and the cashing cheques, through current accounts. Coins and notes in circulation have the status of “legal tender” that is to say they must be taken in payment of a debt although the extent to which this applies in the case of coins is deliberately restricted for the sake of convenience.

The most common means of payment, particularly for significant sums of money is the cheque since it is both safer and more convenient than using cash. However, it is not a legal tender and creditors can refuse to accept it if they wish. Normally both national cheques and traveller’s cheques are readily negotiable if the bearer has some means of proving his identity and the creditor can be sure that the cheque will be “honoured”. To assist the use of cheques banks now provide their customers with bankers cards which, when used in assoсiation with a cheque, will guarantee it up to a stated maximum. If a customer wishes to make payments of large amounts of money by cheque and is not known to the creditor, then he may obtain a “certified cheque” from his bank. Such a cheque is signed by the bank and therefore payment is guaranteed.

Those trading overseas, or in conditions where there may be a significant time lapse between sending out goods and their receipt by the customer, may use a Bill of exchange as a means of payment. This is really a post dated cheque which assures the creditor’s payment but also gives the buyer opportunity to inspect the goods before the transaction is completed. Those whose credit standing is unknown may have to get the Bill “accepted” before a creditor will take it. Such a process guarantees payment and most work of this kind is undertaken by the merchant banks. Because Bills are post dated creditors may have to wait some time for their money. They can overcome this problem by endorsing the Bill and then either discounting it with a Discount House or a bank or passing it on to another trader in settlement of a debt of their own. By the time it comes to maturity a Bill may have passed through several hands and on each occasion it must be endorsed. The commercial banks participate in this activity in two ways: in part by lending money to the discount houses and in part by discounting bills for their own customers.

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