Market Economy (1400)
In market economy, two societal units are very important: the individual and the firm. Individuals own resources and consume products, while firms use resources and produce products. The market mechanism involves an interaction of price, quantity, supply, and demand of resources and products.
The key factors that make the market economy work are consumer sovereignty and the freedom of the enterprise to operate the market. As long as both units are free to make decisions, the interplay of supply and demand should ensure proper allocation..
The market economy has been highly successful in most industrial countries, especially in the United States. A perfect market economy does not exist in the United States owing to three major factors: large corporations, labour unions, and the government. The large corporation can reduce market procedures somewhat by exerting control over the purchase of resources or the resale of products. Because of the large size of the firm and relative smallness of each individual shareholder, there is a wide gap between ownership and control of decision making. Decisions may or may not be strictly motivated by the market.
Labour unions evolved to response to the power exerted by the owners and managers of business over the labour market. Tremendous benefits in terms of salaries, fringe benefits, work conditions have been won by the unions, but market forces have been disrupted seriously. Many unions control entry into the work force and restrict the freedom of workers to change occupations in response to supply and demand.
Centrally Planned Economies (350)
In centrally planned economies the government tries to harmonize the activities of the different economic sectors. In the extreme form of central command, goals are set for every enterprise in the country and must be followed. The government determines how much is produced, by whom and for whom.
At the heart of a centrally planned economy is its blueprint, generally a five-year plan. Based on this overall plan, special targets are set each year for each sector of economy.
- Федеральное агентство по образованию
- I. Введение
- Указания по работе с текстами для самостоятельной работы дома (10 тыс. Знаков).
- I семестр Outside Sources of Financing
- Vocabulary
- Short-term financing
- Long-term financing
- 1. Short-term financing is money that will be used for one year or less and then repaid.
- Answer the questions:
- Accounting General definition of accounting
- The basis for the accounting process
- A balance sheet
- An income statement
- The importance of the above two statements
- 1.General definition of accounting
- 2. The basis for the accounting process
- 3. A balance sheet
- 4. An income statement
- 5. The importance of the above two statements
- Answer the questions:
- In other words, the management is the process of coordinating the resources of an organization to achieve the primary organizational goals.
- Questions to the text:
- Forms of business in the usa Active vocabulary
- Questions to the text:
- Is the record-keeping and report-filing so necessary for sole traders in the usa?
- Forms of Business Ownership Active vocabulary
- III семестр Text 1. Currency and Other Forms of Exchange
- In which two ways might a creditor who needed the money dispose of a Bill? Text 2. Depositing Money with a Bank
- Questions on the text
- In what circumstances an overdraft on current account is permissible?
- Text 4. Bank Investments
- In general the banks do not lend to industry for long periods of time or for investment projects. They regard themselves as providing working capital rather than fixed capital.
- Assets and Liabilities
- Bookkeeping as Part of Accounting Cycle Active vocabulary
- Accounting Information Active vocabulary
- Questions to the text:
- Специальность мен, гму IV семестр (6-летки) the manager's role /3 000 3hak0b/
- Decision-making /4 000 знаков/
- In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility.
- Traditional economies
- Market economies
- 2. Freedom of choice and enterprise.
- 4. Competition.
- 5. Markets and prices.
- Command Economies
- Mixed Economies
- Notes to the text:
- Inflow (out flow) приток (отлив, отток)
- If the company is doing badly and the shareholders sell their shares they get…
- If there is a regular inflow of receipts from sales and regular outflow of payment for expenses … corporate finance
- Notes to the text:
- Interest on bond has to be paid out …
- Why finance?
- I. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
- In financing business operation, a company relies almost entirely on short-term financing.
- The Balance Sheet
- What is accounting?
- In 1440s they were ... Who developed accounting further as a result of information needs.
- In the 19th century managers had to develop accounting systems ...
- Accounting
- Notes to the text
- Vocabulary Exercise
- Bookkeepers, accountants and controllers
- Notes to the text:
- Auditor and their report
- Notes to the text:
- Sole Proprietorship
- Corporation
- Large Corporations in the usa
- Corporate Finance
- What Special Problems Face Small Business
- Starting-up Financing
- 3 Семестр additional material banks and financial intermediaries
- In the form of checking accounts, savings accounts, or other types of bank deposits.
- Commercial banking
- Types of banks
- Bank of england
- Additional Material
- 4 Семестр managing in future
- Financial statements
- Bookkeping
- What is accounting
- The development of accounting thought
- The profession of an accountant in the usa
- Accounting industry in the usa
- Bookkepping as part of accounting
- Modern accounting system
- 1. Goods and services
- 2. Resources
- 3. Households
- 4. Markets
- The role of government
- The role of government (to be continued)
- The mixed economy
- In a mixed economy the government may also be a producer of private goods such as steel or motor cars. Examples of this in the uk include nationalized industries such as steel and coal.
- Can inflation be beneficial?
- Market Economy (1400)
- Mixed Economies (500)
- Содержание: